Which theory of distributive justice considers one's needs rather than what one has earned or deserves?

• A. Libertarian
• B. Utilitarian
• C. Egalitarian
• D. Marxist

Answer: (D)

Distributive justice theories differ in what they take as the fair basis for allocating resources, with some focusing on needs, others on earned entitlements, and others on overall welfare or equality. When the criterion is needs rather than what someone has earned or deserves, the Marxist view is the best match. Its guiding idea is “from each according to ability, to each according to need.” This means people contribute what they can, but where resources go is guided by need, not by market value, status, or merit. The emphasis is on ensuring everyone’s basic needs are met, even if that requires redistributing wealth or goods from those with surplus to those with greater need.

Other theories operate on different principles. A libertarian approach centers on rights and earned entitlements through voluntary exchange, not on need. Utilitarianism seeks to maximize overall happiness or welfare, which can lead to distributions that aren’t strictly based on need. Egalitarianism aims for equality, but it doesn’t specify need as the sole determinant in the same way Marxist theory does.