Which of the following is NOT identified by Scheingold as a contributing factor to police subculture development?

• A. Stressful Work Environment
• B. Homogeneous Social Group
• C. Perceived Unfair Treatment By The Media
• D. Closed Social System

Answer: (C)

Scheingold explains police subculture as arising from internal organizational forces rather than external scrutiny. The demanding, stressful nature of police work creates shared experiences that bond officers and foster cynicism and a distinct insider perspective. A homogeneous social group within the force—similar backgrounds, training, and experiences—helps solidify a common set of norms and values. The system is also closed and insular, with tight-knit networks, secrecy, and norms that resist outside influence, which reinforces distinct officer culture. Perceived unfair treatment by the media, while relevant to public perception and accountability, is not identified by Scheingold as a contributing factor to the development of the police subculture.