Which of the following is not a requirement of ethical systems?

• A. Universal in nature
• B. Authoritative
• C. Rooted in religion
• D. Not-self serving

Answer: (C)

Ethical systems function as normative guides for conduct, aiming to tell people how they ought to act rather than how they happen to act. A key feature is universality—the idea that the principles apply to all relevant people in similar situations, not just to a chosen few. They are also considered authoritative, meaning there is an obligation to follow them, whether the force comes from rational justification, social contract, or moral tradition. Another important aspect is not-self-serving; the norms are oriented toward the welfare of others or the common good, not merely the self-interest of the individual who holds them. Being rooted in religion, however, is not a necessary requirement—ethical systems can be secular and still be normative and binding. Thus, the statement that religion is a required foundation does not fit as a necessary feature of ethical systems.