the crime control and due process models were developed by:

• A. Carl Klockars
• B. Herbert Packer
• C. Lawrence Sherman
• D. John Crank

Answer: (B)

Two contrasting visions guide how we think about criminal justice: crime control emphasizes quick, efficient action to deter and repress crime, while due process centers on protecting individual rights and ensuring fair, lawful procedures. Herbert Packer introduced these as a paired framework, showing how a system can tilt toward efficiency and repression or toward liberty and procedural safeguards. His work in the late 1960s popularized the idea that actual practice in policing, courts, and corrections reflects this tension, making him the originator of the crime control and due process models. The other names are known for different areas—policing culture and corruption, experimental criminology and policing effectiveness, or ethics in criminal justice—so they did not develop this dual-model framework.