In Barker and Carter's typology, "deviant lies" are:

• A. Those that are "necessary evils"
• B. Used to control the person
• C. Those used during undercover investigations
• D. Lies used in the courtroom to make a case or cover up a wrongdoing

Answer: (D)

Deviant lies are deception that violates professional ethics and undermines the integrity of the justice system. Lies told in the courtroom to make a case or to cover up wrongdoing fit this idea exactly because they aim to mislead the court and protect or advance a criminal outcome, rather than pursue truth or fairness. This kind of lying corrupts the core function of the legal process—truth-telling under oath—and is therefore categorized as deviant.

Lies described as “necessary evils” suggest a morally flexible justification for deception to prevent greater harm, which isn’t what deviant lies denote in Barker and Carter’s framework. Lies used to control someone are about manipulation and power over an individual, not specifically about the courtroom context or concealing criminal activity. Lies used during undercover investigations are often treated as legitimate investigative tactics under certain rules, not deviant lies in this typology.