In Barker and Carter's proposed typology of lies, those that are considered "necessary evils" are known as:

• A. Deviant Lies
• B. Tolerated Lies
• C. Encouraged Lies
• D. Placebo Lies

Answer: (B)

In Barker and Carter’s typology, deception in criminal justice is sorted by how society views its acceptability. The kind described as “necessary evils” is called tolerated lies. These are lies that are not ideal or encouraged, but are accepted as permissible because they serve a legitimate aim or prevent greater harm in a given situation. They’re the moral compromise the system makes when truth-telling would undermine important outcomes, like protecting an investigation or preventing serious harm.

Deviant lies fall outside this tolerance; they’re viewed as morally wrong and not acceptable. Encouraged lies are those that authorities explicitly endorse or promote as tactics. Placebo lies are told to soothe or reassure rather than to advance an objective in the investigation. The idea of tolerated lies specifically captures the notion of lying being conditionally accepted as a practical necessity.